Jurnal Sylva Lestari

Effectiveness of Different Extraction Techniques on the Yield and Antityrosinase Activity of Merbau (Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze) Wood Extract

2025-05-09T16:04:30+07:00

This study employed various extraction techniques to determine the yield, phytochemical profile, and antityrosinase activity of merbau wood (Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze) extracts. The extraction techniques consisted of two factors: the type of extraction methods (conventional maceration – CM, ultrasound-assisted extraction – UAE, and magnetic stirrer – MS) and the number of extraction repetitions (first repetition – F1, second repetition – F2, and third repetition – F3). The interaction of the extraction methods and the number of extractions affects the extraction yield, antityrosinase activity, and its phytochemical profile. Merbau wood extracted using the UAE-F1 extraction method resulted in the highest yield (13.38%). In contrast, the UAE-F3 extract showed the strongest antityrosinase activity (IC₅₀value of 1.548 ppm) and the highest total phenol content (692.86 mg/g AGE). Fourier transform infrared analysis of the F1 extract showed that all samples contained the same functional groups, namely C=C (1600–1475 cm^-1) and O-H (3800–3000 cm^-1), indicating structural similarity among the extracts. Merbau wood extraction using the UAE method, both in the first, second, and third extractions, produced the highest yield, antityrosinase activity, and total phenol content of the extract compared to the CM and MS extraction methods.

Keywords: antityrosinase activity, Intsia bijuga, maceration, total phenolic content, ultrasound-assisted extraction

Utilization of Pulp and Paper Waste as an Ameliorant in Marine Clay Soil to Increase the Growth of Eucalyptus pellita F.Muell.

2025-06-04T12:54:22+07:00

Marine clay land is formed due to hydrological factors, including acidity, low macronutrient levels, relatively high micronutrient levels, and a clay-dominant texture. Land improvement for marine clay land is necessary to enhance plant growth and productivity. Eucalyptus pellita is a plant that is adaptive to various types of land and is used as a raw material for pulp and paper, which is widely cultivated in Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) in Indonesia. Research is needed to enhance the quality of marine clay soils and promote plant growth. Land quality can be improved by adding soil ameliorants from surrounding waste, such as waste from HTI, specifically pulp and paper sludge (KCa). This study used a combination of organic ameliorants (cocopeat and cattle manure) and inorganic (KCa, KCl, and dolomite), using a factorial complete random design consisting of two factors. The first factor was inorganic ameliorants, which consisted of four levels: A0 (no inorganic ameliorant), A1 (KCa 25 g), A2 (KCl 25 g), and A3 (dolomite 25 g). The second factor is organic ameliorants, which consists of 7 levels: B0 (no organic ameliorant); B1 (cocopeat 200 g); B2 (cocopeat 100 g); B3 (cocopeat 50 g); B4 (cattle manure 200 g); B5 (cattle manure 100 g); and B6 (cattle manure 50 g). The interaction of these two treatment factors resulted in 28 treatment combinations. A total of 1 kg of sterilized marine clay soil was placed in a polybag, then ameliorants were added according to the experimental design. The purpose of this study is to utilize HTI industrial waste as a soil ameliorant and to analyze the optimal dose of the ameliorant used during the study. The results of this study indicate that improving the quality of marine clay soil using a combination of organic and inorganic ameliorants enhances the growth in height and diameter of E. pellita compared to treatments using single ameliorants. The results showed that the treatment with B2A1 (Cocopeat 100 g and KCa 25 g) was the most effective, yielding the highest growth response, diameter, and number of leaves compared to other treatments.

Keywords: marginal land, plant growth, sludge, soil improvement, waste utilization

Dimensions and Mechanisms of Environmental Behavior Among Visitors to Nature-Based Destinations: A Case Study of Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia

2025-03-07T10:53:05+07:00

Nature-based tourism in national parks (NP) plays a significant role in promoting environmentally responsible behavior (EB) among individuals. While studies on visitors’ EB are increasing, research focusing specifically on visitors’ EB in NPs within developing countries, such as Indonesia, remains limited. This study aims to identify factors shaping visitors’ EB through an extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) at Gunung Ciremai National Park (GCNP). To explore the dimensions and mechanisms of EB—categorized as environmentally conservative behavior (ECB), environmentally disturbing behavior (EDB), and environmentally radical behavior (ERB)—an extended TPB framework was utilized. TPB examines the relationships among the following latent variables: attitude toward behavior (ATB), subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), environmental behavior intention (EBI), and environmental behavior (EB). Data were collected from 452 completed questionnaires at three nature-based destinations in GCNP. The study demonstrates clear evidence that the hypothesized relationships among ATB, SN, PBC, EBI, and EB were valid across different types of environmental behavior. The results highlight that these determinant factors work together in shaping visitors’ environmental behavior based on TPB. However, their influence may differ depending on the specific type of behavior being considered. The study underscores the need for NPs managers to go beyond simply raising visitors’ awareness of the importance of environmental conservation. Efforts should also focus on enhancing visitors’ self-efficacy in performing environmentally responsible behaviors.

Keywords: forest-based ecosystem services, national park, nature-based tourism, Theory of Planned Behavior

Saving Wallacetrigona incisa: Community-Led Conservation Integrating Science and Indigenous Knowledge in North Luwu’s Mountain Forests, Indonesia

2025-06-04T11:54:11+07:00

Community-led conservation that integrates science and indigenous knowledge is vital for ensuring ecological sustainability and local stewardship in biodiversity protection. Wallacetrigona incisa, a stingless bee species endemic to Sulawesi, serves as a key pollinator in the mountain forests of North Luwu, Indonesia. However, its populations are increasingly threatened by deforestation, habitat fragmentation, and unsustainable harvesting methods, such as felling nest trees and discarding colonies after honey extraction. This study assessed the population status, identified key threats, and developed conservation strategies that integrate ecological science with traditional knowledge and active community participation. Methods included systematic field surveys, habitat suitability modeling using MaxEnt, satellite image analysis to detect changes in forest cover, and participatory approaches such as interviews and focus group discussions. Participatory GIS (PGIS) was used to involve communities in mapping and planning conservation priorities. The results show that destructive harvesting poses a severe threat to W. incisa, whereas sustainable practices support colony stability and enhance honey productivity. Economic dependence on honey harvesting is high, yet awareness of sustainable methods is limited. The indigenous mappurondo belief system, which protects sacred forest areas, offers a cultural foundation for community-based conservation. This study emphasizes the necessity of an integrated strategy that combines habitat protection, community capacity building, and the revitalization of traditional ecological knowledge. This study concludes that integrating scientific data, sustainable harvesting practices, and indigenous traditions can enhance colony survival and community livelihoods. The results underscore the potential of inclusive conservation policies that bridge ecological and socio-economic objectives, offering a replicable model for tropical biodiversity conservation that aligns with local well-being.

Keywords: conservation, endemic bee, indigenous knowledge, sustainability, Wallacetrigona incisa

Clustering Residents’ Attitudes Toward Human-Wildlife Conflict: A Case Study of Neighboring Communities in Paliyan Wildlife Sanctuary, Indonesia

2025-06-24T20:54:51+07:00

Understanding the heterogeneity of community opinions on human-wildlife conflict is crucial for developing effective mitigation strategies. This research investigates the attitudes and behaviors of residents surrounding Paliyan Wildlife Sanctuary in Indonesia, with a focus on their interactions with the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) and the resulting human-wildlife conflict (HWC). By employing the attitude-behavior-context (ABC) framework, the research aims to identify and cluster different community groups by using K-means clustering analysis based on their perceptions of macaques, conservation initiatives, and the management of human-wildlife conflict. We identified distinct clusters of residents, classified by their positive and negative attitudes, degree of support for wildlife conservation initiatives, their perceptions of the sanctuary’s management, and the intensity of conflicts they experience with macaques. The “Conditional Conservation Supporters” exhibit less trust in wildlife managers and comparatively greater support for conservation, while underscoring the necessity for successful conflict resolution. In contrast, the “Disillusioned Critics” display less faith in conservation authorities, limited endorsement of existing management practices, and a pronounced inclination to regulate macaque populations. This research highlights the intricate interaction between human communities and wildlife conservation, highlighting the necessity of understanding local attitudes and behaviors in shaping conservation outcomes. The study provides policymakers and conservation practitioners with essential information for designing more customized and effective interventions that meet both the ecological requirements of wildlife and the social dynamics of local communities.

Keywords: forest-based ecosystem services, forest conservation, forest management, Macaca fascicularis, protected areas

Three Decades of Forest Biomass Estimation in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review of Field, Remote Sensing, and Machine Learning Approaches (1995–2025)

2025-06-05T09:05:46+07:00

Aboveground biomass plays a pivotal role in estimating tropical forest carbon stocks, particularly in Southeast Asia, a region rich in biodiversity but threatened by deforestation and land-use change. This systematic review analyzes 71 peer-reviewed studies published between 1995 and 2025, selected from an initial pool of 8,509 articles. The review aims to evaluate methodological developments and performance across three major approaches: field-based and allometric models, remote sensing including Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platforms, and Machine Learning (ML) with data fusion, within key tropical forest countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, and Vietnam. These countries were selected due to their high forest cover, rapid land-use change, and central roles in the implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD⁺). Field-based models, particularly those calibrated locally, consistently produced high accuracy, with R² values generally ranging from 0.80 to 0.96. Remote sensing techniques, particularly the integration of airborne LiDAR and optical–SAR, demonstrated strong predictive performance (R² > 0.85) and relatively low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), typically below 30 Mg/ha. ML approaches such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machines, and LightGBM also achieved competitive results, with R² typically between 0.75 and 0.85 and RMSE below 40 Mg/ha when trained on high-quality input data. Mangrove and dipterocarp forests emerged as the most frequently studied ecosystems. While methodological innovations are evident, notable gaps remain in model harmonization and representation of ecosystem diversity. The review recommends integrating species-specific allometric models with remote sensing and machine learning pipelines, supported by open-access datasets, to enhance national forest monitoring systems and REDD⁺ readiness across Southeast Asia.

Keywords: aboveground biomass, allometric, biomass estimation, carbon stock, South East Asia

Genetic Improvement of Araucaria cunninghamii for Enhanced Industrial Pulp Production

2025-06-04T13:59:58+07:00

Araucaria cunninghamii has significant potential as a long-fiber pulpwood source in Indonesia; however, its utilization remains limited due to its dependence on imported raw materials. This study presents the results of a first-generation progeny trial designed to evaluate genetic variation and identify superior genotypes for future breeding programs. This study was conducted in Bondowoso, East Java; the experimental was included 80 families from six provenances (Fakfak, Jayapura, Serui, Wamena, Manokwari, and Queensland) and designed by a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD); comprised of 6 provenances, 80 families, 4 blocks, 4 trees per plot with a spacing of 4 m ´ 2 m. After six years, the survival rates ranged from 98.30% to 99.61%, indicating a strong potential for adaptability. Significant differences were observed among families for height, diameter, and volume growth traits. Heritability estimates for height, diameter, and volume at the individual level were 0.30, 0.25, and 0.27, respectively, and 0.48, 0.45, and 0.47 at the family level. Strong genetic correlations were found between height and diameter (r = 0.99), suggesting the potential for indirect selection through breeding. These findings highlight the genetic potential of A. cunninghamii for sustainable pulp production and inform future breeding strategies that focus on growth, adaptability, and wood quality.

Keywords: Araucaria cunninghamii, genetic variation, progeny test, pulpwood, heritability, provenance trial

Assessment of Mangrove Species Diversity in the Municipality of Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, Philippines

2025-07-31T22:16:58+07:00

Mangrove habitats are the most productive and biologically diverse ecosystems in the world. This study assessed the community structure of mangrove species in the two villages of Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, Philippines. There were 10 sampling quadrats with a size of 20 m × 20 m in Barangay (Village) Ata-atahon and Camagong. The data collected include taxonomic names, species diversity, and vegetation analysis. The results of the study revealed that Ata-atahon and Camagong fell under low diversity, as indicated by their Shannon-Wiener Index values of 1.091 and 0.873, respectively. The evenness index showed that Camagong has high evenness compared to Ata-atahon. Moreover, all species found in the two areas were listed as least concern based on the IUCN Red List for its conservation status. Both barangays being studied located at Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, fell under the low category due to anthropogenic activities. These results suggest the need for the rehabilitation and enrichment of the mangrove forest in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte, which could be led by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in collaboration with the local government and non-governmental organizations. It is also strongly recommended to adopt preventive measures to prevent habitat loss.

Keywords: anthropogenic, conservation, dominance, species diversity, species importance value

Impact of Acacia mangium Willd. Plantation on Species Composition at Bugoy’s Peak, Barangay Bonbon, Butuan City, Philippines

2025-08-05T11:10:45+07:00

Acacia mangium is a fast-growing tree species widely used in agroforestry and reforestation. However, it has raised concerns due to its potential ecological impacts when introduced outside its native range. This study assessed the effect of A. mangium plantations on species composition and seedling recruitment at Bugoy’s Peak, Barangay Bonbon, Butuan City, Philippines. A total of 13 plots were established using a nested quadrat design to evaluate tree diversity and regeneration patterns. Biodiversity indices and statistical tools were employed to analyze species abundance and composition within the plantation area. Results indicated that A. mangium did not exhibit signs of invasive dominance in the site. On the contrary, the presence of regenerating native species across plots suggests that local conditions may support coexistence and recruitment despite the presence of an introduced species. These findings highlight the importance of site-specific assessments in evaluating the ecological impact of non-native tree species and offer valuable insights for sustainable plantation management in biodiverse landscapes.

Keywords: Acacia mangium, diversity assessment, invasive species, seedling regeneration, species composition

Effects of Tree Spacing on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of 24-Year-Old Tectona grandis Wood in Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania

2025-07-31T22:15:23+07:00

This study investigated the effects of initial tree spacing on the physical and mechanical properties of 24-year-old teak (Tectona grandis) in Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania. Three spacing treatments (2 m × 2 m, 3 m × 3 m, and 4 m × 4 m) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Physical properties assessed included wood density (D) and heartwood percentage (HWP), while mechanical properties comprised modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), compressive strength parallel to the grain (CSP), shear strength parallel to the grain (SS), and cleavage strength (CLS). Results showed that spacing had no significant effect (p > 0.05) on most physical and mechanical properties, except for SS and tangential CLS at specific height levels. Although non-significant, D, MOE, MOR, CSP, and CLS tended to decrease with increasing spacing, whereas HWP and SS exhibited variable trends. The highest mean values for D (0.57 g/cm³), MOE (8,588 N/mm²), MOR (90.78 N/mm²), CSP (49.41 N/mm²), and CLS (14.83 N/mm) were observed at a 2 m × 2 m spacing, while the lowest values generally occurred at the widest spacing (4 m × 4 m). The findings suggest that closer spacing may enhance wood quality by promoting higher wood density and strength, although differences were not statistically significant. These results provide insights for silvicultural management of T. grandis plantations, suggesting that a 2 m × 2 m spacing may be preferable for optimizing physical and mechanical wood properties at older stand age.

Keywords: heartwood percentage, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, spacing, Tectona grandis, wood density

Cover

2025-07-08T15:08:17+07:00