Jurnal Sylva Lestari

Assessing Water Absorption and Root-Shoot Dynamics of Native Philippine Tree Species for Flood Mitigation and Environmental Management

Shiella Lynn Dali-on Goyo — 2025-04-17

Over the years, excessive stormwater run-off has been a primary environmental concern in almost every part of the world. This study aimed to assess the water absorption capacity and root-shoot ratio of the three native species, namely Vitex parviflora, Pterocarpus indicus, and Diospyrus discolor, in the Philippines. The study used an experimental design with a total number of 63 experimental seedlings. After over a month of transplanting, the researchers collected the data by uprooting 1 sample per box and recording its weight. The uprooted samples were then submerged into a container with enough water, and the plant waited until it absorbed enough water before being weighed again. Root and shoot ratio were also computed using its dry weight. The results showed a significant difference in terms of absorption rate between the three native species. V. parviflora garnered the highest water absorption rate, followed by P. indicus and D. discolor. Root-shoot ratio was highest in D. discolor while lowest in V. parviflora. No significant correlation was found between root and shoot biomass regarding water absorption capacity. These findings highlight the importance of selecting specific tree species for environmental management and flood mitigation efforts in the Philippines.

Keywords: biomass, native species, stormwater run-off, water absorption

Selecting a Suitable Synthesis of Industrial Hot Melt Nanostructured Polyurethane Adhesives for the Enhanced Bonding of MDF and PVC Veneers - A Review

Fatemeh Hassani Khorshidi — 2025-04-18

This review focuses on the synthesis and application of industrial hot-melt nanostructured polyurethane adhesives (HMPUAs) used for enhancing the bonding of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) veneers. The use of PVC veneers has been identified as an effective approach to protect wood composite products, particularly MDF, due to its resistance to moisture, environmental conditions, and cost-effectiveness. However, achieving strong adhesion between PVC and MDF remains challenging due to differences in their chemical and structural properties. This study compares various synthesis methods of polyurethane adhesives, emphasizing the prepolymer method as the most efficient approach for producing high-performance HMPUAs. Key challenges include optimizing the isocyanate to hydroxyl group ratio (NCO/OH), selecting appropriate polyols, and incorporating suitable additives. The effects of nanoparticles, including nanosilica, nanolignin, phosphorus, nitrogen compounds, mica particles, and aluminum trihydrate, on the mechanical and thermal properties of polyurethane adhesives are thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the challenges of achieving consistent adhesive performance, compatibility, and durability under varying environmental conditions are addressed. The findings of this review provide essential insights into improving the synthesis of one-component HMPUAs and enhancing their applicability in MDF-PVC veneer bonding.

Keywords: additives, hot melt adhesive, medium-density fiberboard, polyurethane, reactive resin

Growth Performance of Selected Bamboos in Secondary Forest and Riparian Ecosystems under Different Silvicultural Treatments

Lorena Pioquinto-Laguardia — 2025-04-25

This study was conducted in Nueva Vizcaya to evaluate the growth performance of two economically important erect bamboo species, Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa spinosa, in secondary forest and riparian ecosystems under different silvicultural treatments. A factorial experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three silvicultural treatments and three sampling plots. Each sampling plot contained 36 plantlets (18 B. spinosa and 18 B. vulgaris) for both ecosystem types. The field study lasted six months, with data collected biweekly. Growth parameters measured included percent survival, average height (cm), average diameter (mm), and number of shoots. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA in MINITAB and summarized with Excel pivot tables. The results revealed significant effects of silvicultural treatments and plot location on growth parameters. B. vulgaris exhibited more shoots than B. spinosa in the secondary forest. Ring weeding and cultivation (C2) resulted in a significantly higher number of shoots (1.85), followed by ring weeding with no cultivation (1.83), albeit fewer and shorter than those under no weeding and cultivation (1.72). Silvicultural management showed no significant correlation with other variables. A positive correlation between light intensity and growth was observed, with the highest correlation occurring at 4 pm. This pioneering study provides baseline data for monitoring the growth and performance of these bamboo species across distinct ecosystems. By offering comprehensive insights into their growth patterns and adaptability, the findings could inform sustainable management practices and conservation strategies for bamboo resources under varying environmental conditions.

Keywords: Bambusa spinosa, Bambusa vulgaris, riparian, secondary forest, silvicultural treatments

Evaluation of the Repeatability and Accuracy of RTK GNSS under Tree Canopy

Mehmet Eren — 2025-05-08

Using the Real Time Kinematic (RTK) GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) Method, one may precisely estimate a location on Earth in “real-time” to within a few centimeters. However, significant limitations remain, such as accuracy loss due to poor satellite sight (e.g., high satellite obstructions from tree canopy and dense urban areas). It usually takes time to resolve the ambiguities or, on many occasions, results in failure. Several satellite systems have been deployed in recent years besides GPS and GLONASS, such as Galileo, BeiDou, and other satellite systems. GNSS is the replacement word for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Theoretically, this GNSS system would be more beneficial than previous systems such as GPS; issues with decreased position accuracy and limited satellite visibility (for example, in the presence of a tree canopy) may be resolved. This study aims to reduce integer ambiguity resolution time using RTK GNSS and examine RTK GNSS’s repeatability/accuracy in forested areas. The outcomes of GNSS positioning (compared with total station) in this study clearly showed improvement because of observing many satellites. The results suggest that the RTK GNSS system is preferred for surveying forested areas. This situation increases the accuracy of the RTK GNSS measurements and shortens the solution time for integer ambiguity. The horizontal component accuracy obtained in repeated RTK GNSS surveys in the forested areas remains 1–12 cm.

Keywords: accuracy, GNSS, precision, repeatability, Real Time Kinematic, tree canopy

Climate Change Mitigation Towards the Lens of Urban Heat Island under Urban Forest Development

Siti Badriyah Rushayati — 2025-05-10

Rapid urbanization and land-use change in Indonesian cities have led to urban heat islands, exacerbating air pollution. This situation elevates sensible heat, thereby compromising human thermal comfort. Palu City, situated in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, has experienced significant urban heat island effects in recent decades. To mitigate this issue, increased development of green open spaces is necessary. This study prioritizes urban forest development in urban areas using a spatial analysis approach. We employ a weighting and scoring system based on vegetation indices, land cover, and air temperature parameters. Our study identified three priority areas with total areas of approximately 6,741 ha, 2,746 ha, and 20,695 ha for priorities 1, 2, and 3, respectively. This study prioritizes areas with high temperatures, low vegetation cover, and bare land for urban forest development. To effectively implement the proposed urban forest development plan, this study also highlights recommendations to create a more sustainable, resilient, and livable urban environment.

Keywords: climate change, Landsat-8, micro-climate, remote sensing, urban forest, urban heat island

Spatiotemporal Detection of Land Cover Dynamics in Forests and Food Sources in Supporting the Nusantara Capital City of Indonesia

Kiswanto — 2025-05-10

The relocation of Indonesia's capital from Jakarta to Nusantara in East Kalimantan Province has significantly affected land use, particularly in forests and agricultural resources. This study examines the spatiotemporal dynamics of land cover in the forestry and agricultural sectors within Kutai Kartanegara Regency of East Kalimantan Province. The goal is to support the smart forest city concept and enhance food sources within Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN). Data related to geographical (location) and temporal (time) were analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS) tools, enabling the mapping, overlaying, and analyzing spatial data over time. The findings show that Kutai Kartanegara has 30% forested areas and 7% agricultural land. There are eight districts with dryland forests, seven with mangrove forests, and fourteen with swamp forests. The study identifies fourteen districts nominated for dryland agriculture, nine for rice fields, and seven for aquaculture. However, forest cover in both drylands and wetlands has been declining annually. Additionally, the study pinpointed potential areas for urban forest development in Tabang District and locations for food production in Anggana, Samboja, and Muara Badak. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers to optimize land allocation, ensuring sustainable resource management in the evolving ecosystems of the new capital.

Keywords: IKN, land cover, food source, forestry, spatiotemporal

Carbon Footprint Analysis and Tourist Satisfaction of 4As at an Ex-situ Conservation Institution

Ratna Sari Hasibuan — 2025-05-10

Taman Safari Indonesia (TSI), an ex-situ conservation institution in Puncak, Bogor, has developed the 4A framework to attract more tourists and enhance visitor satisfaction and loyalty, while increasing visits revenue. It has also raised the carbon footprint of tourist transportation. This study aims to analyze the vehicle emissions of tourists and their satisfaction with 4A components to predict the likelihood of repeat visits and the subsequent rise in carbon emissions. Emissions were calculated using the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (Tier 2), and the relationship between tourist satisfaction and loyalty was assessed using the structural equation model partial least squares (SEM-PLS) method. The results indicated that CO₂ emissions from tourist vehicles during holidays reached 1,482,261.96 g.CO₂/h, significantly higher than the 552,732.81 g.CO₂/h recorded on weekdays. The analysis also revealed that tourist satisfaction and loyalty towards the 4A components significantly positively impacted the intention to revisit, as demonstrated by the T-statistics of 5.437 and P-values of 0.000, where the more satisfied the tourists are, the more loyal they are to return to TSI.

Keywords: carbon footprint, IPCC, loyalty, satisfaction, SEM-PLS

Leaf Size Indices and Outline-Based Geomorphometric Analysis of Five Philippine Endemic Saurauia Willd. (Actinidiaceae)

Kean Roe Felipe Mazo — 2025-05-13

Species discrimination among species of Saurauia is challenging due to large morphological variation. This study examines the intraspecific variations of the 5 Philippine endemic Saurauia species using leaf size indices (LSI) and outline-based geometric morphometrics to facilitate species discrimination. Leaf samples were measured using the traditional method, scanned, converted to binary images, subjected to elliptic Fourier Analyses, and quantitatively analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The leaf morphology significantly differed among species based on the results of LSI and leaf shape outline analyses. The results showed 7 effective principal components (PCs), which accounted for 94.16% of the total variation. Significant differences were observed in all PCs. Discriminant analysis of the leaf shape outline confirmed the delimitation of species with scores relatively higher than the cut-off value. The tree topology from leaf shape outline, and leaf size indices all exhibited similarity in the clustering at the species level. A key to the species based on leaf morphology is also provided.

Keywords: elliptic fourier analysis, kiwi, leaf size index, leaf variation, principal component analysis

The Effectiveness of Forest Management and Monitoring Implementation under the National Forest Stewardship Standards (NFSS) Scheme in Indonesia

Joko Sarjito — 2025-05-13

Forest management activities inevitably affect environmental functions and community well-being, necessitating rigorous impact monitoring to improve management practices. The Indonesian National Forest Stewardship Standards (NFSS) provide structured guidelines to balance timber production with environmental protection. This study evaluates the comprehension and application of these standards in forest harvesting planning, implementation, and impact assessment. A quantitative descriptive method was employed, integrating questionnaires, field observations, and interviews with field staff from a Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified forest concession in West Papua, Indonesia. Respondents included staff involved in forest planning, production and logging road construction, silviculture and environmental monitoring, and community development. Data were collected using NFSS-based questionnaires and analyzed using the Likert scale method. In addition, triangulation was conducted via field observations at harvesting sites, document reviews (forest management procedures, High Conservation Value report, Social Impact Assessment report, and Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan report), and interviews to validate questionnaire findings. The results show an average Likert score of 83.91% across five key variables (baseline environmental data, Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) map presence, RIL implementation, human resources, and impact monitoring and adaptation), indicating a strong understanding of NFSS standards. However, challenges remain in enhancing community engagement, implementing best management practices, strengthening supervision and impact monitoring techniques, and developing adaptive strategies for sustainable forest management.

Keywords: forest harvesting, forest management, impact monitoring, NFSS Indonesia, reduced impact logging

Integrating Waqf-Based Forests and Carbon Trading: Opportunities, Challenges, and Strategies in Indonesia

Khalifah Muhamad Ali — 2025-05-14

Carbon trading is pivotal in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. However, the contribution of waqf-based forests—forests established on endowed land—remains underexplored. This research addresses this gap by investigating the potential, schemes, stakeholders, opportunities, challenges, and strategies for waqf-based forests in carbon trading. Through a literature review, in-depth interviews, and field observations, the study found that waqf-based forests can contribute to carbon trading and raise Islamic awareness. The findings identify two potential schemes for selling carbon credits from waqf-based forests: the Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s carbon exchange and direct business-to-business (B2B) transactions. Due to the sustainability of waqf land and its added ecological, economic, social, and Islamic values, waqf-based forests can produce high-quality carbon credits and provide an inclusive and sustainable green economy. However, challenges such as suboptimal land area, lack of technical knowledge, and the absence of a carbon trading fatwa need to be addressed. Proposed strategies to overcome these challenges include document bundling, collaborations with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs, direct B2B sales, and selecting plants that enhance carbon economic value. This research offers in-depth insights into the potential of waqf-based forests as significant players in carbon trading, emphasizing their inherent sustainability values.

Keywords: carbon trading, green economy, high-quality carbon credit, waqf-based forest

Key Regional Commodities for Social Forestry Development in Penyabungan, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra

Syufriandi Syaiful — 2025-05-15

Social forestry is a government initiative program that promotes sustainable forest management to enhance community welfare. Mandailing Natal Regency is rich in timber and non-timber forest products (NTFP). This study aims to analyze key and non-key NTFP commodities, changes in growth patterns, and shifts within the biopharmaceutical and fruit sectors relevant to the concept of multiple-use forestry (MUF) under the framework of social forestry in Forest Management Unit IX Penyabungan, Mandailing Natal Regency. Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift-Share (SS) analysis were combined to map and identify local commodities that could become key commodities for social forestry development in Penyabungan, Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatra. The results indicated that cinnamon, cocoa, sugar palm, and candlenuts are the essential NTFP commodities with LQ value > 1. Meanwhile, galangal, turmeric, laos, wild ginger, and curcuma dominate the biopharmaceutical products with LQ value > 1. Among fruits, starfruit, langsat, durian, guava, jengkol, mango, mangosteen, melinjo, jackfruit, petai, rambutan, and breadfruit are identified as essential commodities with LQ value > 1. While the MUF sectors related to forestry and fruit show positive growth trends, the biopharmaceutical sector exhibits a negative shift. This study suggests that agroforestry development in the social forest at Mandailing Natal could benefit the biopharmaceutical sector, creating job opportunities and increasing farmers’ incomes.

Keywords: agroforestry, community economy, location quotient, multi-use forestry, shift-share analysis

Carbon Stock and Potential for Carbon Absorption by Mangrove Forests on Maspari Island: The Outermost Small Island in South Sumatra

Tengku Zia Ulqodry — 2025-05-17

Maspari Island is the only small outermost island located in the southern part of Bangka Strait, included in the coastal area of Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, South Sumatra. The island harbors a mangrove ecosystem that is believed to play a significant role in climate change mitigation through carbon storage. This study aims to identify mangrove species and measure carbon stock estimates in upper-stand biomass, lower-stand/root biomass, and sediment. Identification of mangrove species using a vegetation analysis approach. Transect plots measuring 10 m × 10 m were parallel to the coastline at 6 observation station points. The diameter of vegetation at the tree and sapling levels was measured at a height of 1.3 m from the ground surface. Carbon stock estimates were calculated using allometric equations and sediment carbon analysis methods. The results identified seven mangrove species: Avicennia marina, Bruguiera sexangula, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba. Estimated carbon stocks of mangrove stands at all stations reached 3,443.42 tC/ha, with an average of 573.90 tC/ha, while carbon stocks in roots amounted to 862.96 tC/ha, with an average of 143.83 tC/ha. The total estimated carbon stock of mangrove sediment at all stations was 240.71 tC/ha, with an average of 40.12 MgC/ha. Sonneratia alba provided the highest carbon absorption, reaching 3,059 tC/ha for the upper stand and 697.80 tC/ha for the lower stand. Considering the contribution of the carbon storage potential in Maspari Island, this study suggests extending the investigation of the mangrove carbon fixation in other small islands in Indonesia, especially for the S. alba species.

Keywords: carbon stock, mangrove, Maspari Island, sediment, carbon stock, Sonneratia alba

Ecological Value of Bird Diversity in the Buffer City Area of Indonesia’s New Capital, East Kalimantan

Muhamad Agil — 2025-05-28

The development of Indonesia’s new capital will impact the lives of living things, including birds. This study aims to determine the bird species diversity in the buffer cities surrounding Indonesia’s new capital area, specifically in Tenggarong, Samarinda, Balikpapan, and Penajam. Bird data were collected using the point count method. The results showed that the bird diversity index (H') in these cities falls within the medium category, with the highest value recorded in Tenggarong (H' = 2.23) and the lowest in Balikpapan (H' = 1.85). The most abundant species were Hirundo tahitica in Tenggarong (23.65%) and Balikpapan (23.65%), and Passer montanus in Samarinda (28.75%). In Penajam, both P. montanus and Pycnonotus aurigaster showed the highest relative abundance (21.9%). The evenness index ranged from 0.72 to 0.77 across the four cities, while species richness was categorized as medium in Tenggarong, Samarinda, and Penajam, but low in Balikpapan. Among the 34 bird species identified, 32 were classified as Least Concern (LC), one as Vulnerable (VU), and one as Endangered (EN) according to according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. To safeguard the survival of birds in buffer cities, especially those categorized as VU and EN, both the government and local communities must implement targeted conservation policies, preserve natural habitats, and promote sustainable ecological practices.

Keywords: bird, buffer city, conservation, diversity, Indonesia’s new capital

Growth Performance of Vitex parviflora Juss. and Swietenia macrophylla King in an Abandoned Mining Area at Barangay Maibu, Butuan City, Philippines

Shiella Lynn Dali-on Goyo — 2025-05-28

This study evaluated the growth performance of V. parviflora and S. macrophylla planted in an abandoned small-scale mining site in Barangay Maibu, Butuan City, Philippines. This study employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with growth parameters including height increment, stem diameter increment, and the number of leaves of the seedlings measured over a five-month period. Soil analysis revealed acidic conditions (pH 5.11), low organic matter levels, and nitrogen and phosphorus. Results showed that S. macrophylla exhibited greater height growth (3.96 cm) and stem diameter increase (0.78 cm) compared to V. parviflora (0.72 cm and 0.072 cm, respectively). The number of leaves also increased more in S. macrophylla (10) than in V. parviflora (5). Among the parameters measured, only the height growth showed a statistically significant difference between the two species. In contrast, the differences in stem diameter and number of leaves were not statistically significant. S. macrophylla demonstrated better adaptability and potential for rehabilitating degraded mining sites compared to the other species. However, it is recommended that future studies lengthen the duration to evaluate seasonal fluctuations, long-term growth performance, and possible soil amendment techniques to improve site rehabilitation and forest restoration outcomes.

Keywords: abandoned mining site, growth performance, reforestation, Swietenia macrophylla, Vitex parviflora

Optimizing Vegetative Propagation of Litsea garciae Vidal: Effects of Cutting Source and Rootone-F Soaking Duration on Root and Shoot Development

Hanna Artuti Ekamawanti — 2025-05-30

Litsea garciae Vidal, commonly known as engkala, is an endemic medicinal plant of Borneo with promising pharmacological potential. Vegetative propagation through shoot cuttings is a practical alternative to overcome the challenges of seed-based propagation. This study investigated the effects of cutting material source (seedlings and saplings) and soaking duration in 50% Rootone-F (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes) on the rooting and shoot growth of L. garciae shoot cuttings. A factorial experiment with a completely randomized design was applied, involving ten treatment combinations with five replications each. Results showed that cuttings derived from seedlings achieved 100% survival and rooting rates regardless of Rootone-F treatment. In contrast, sapling cuttings achieved optimal rooting only after 15 minutes of soaking. The interaction of cutting source and soaking duration significantly influenced root development, while shoot growth varied only with individual treatments. Notably, seedling cuttings produced roots that were 1.3 times longer than those from sapling cuttings; however, the dry weight of sapling roots was 1.5 times greater. The dry weight of roots soaked in Rootone-F for 15 minutes significantly increased by 1.3 to 2.8 times compared to the dry weight of roots soaked for other durations. The seedling cuttings produced 1.2 times more shoots than saplings. Interestingly, cuttings without soaking treatment in Rootone-F produced the same number of new leaves as those soaked for 60 minutes but significantly more than those soaked for other durations. These results are vital for optimizing the vegetative propagation technique of L. garciae by selecting the appropriate cutting source and timing for Rootone-F immersion.

Keywords: engkala, Litsea garciae, Rootone-F, shoot cuttings, vegetative propagation

Combustion Performance and Physicochemical Characteristics of Sawdust-Based Bio-Charcoal Briquettes using Molasses Adhesive

Andi Chairil Ichsan — 2025-05-30

Bio-charcoal briquettes are a promising alternative to fossil fuels, particularly when produced from biomass waste such as sawdust. This study investigates the effects of varying molasses adhesive concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) on the physical and chemical properties of bio-charcoal briquettes produced from sawdust. The briquettes were analyzed for density, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and calorific value. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were also employed to examine surface morphology and functional groups. The results showed that increasing molasses concentration led to higher density, moisture content, and fixed carbon content, while reducing ash and volatile matter content. The 10% molasses concentration provided the highest calorific value (5,420 cal/g). The results of testing using SEM with a magnification of 2000x, featuring a particle size of 60 mesh, revealed the morphology of the briquette surface with a regular arrangement of cavities. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O-H, C-H, and C=O groups, which contribute to molecular bonding. All samples met the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard for wood charcoal briquettes. The addition of 1% potassium chlorate further improved ignition and combustion. The findings demonstrate that molasses, as a low-cost and eco-friendly binder, effectively enhances the quality and energy performance of bio-charcoal briquettes. This study supports the development of renewable energy technologies from underutilized wood waste, promoting sustainable energy solutions and environmental conservation.

Keywords: bio-charcoal briquettes, calorific value, combustion performance, molasses adhesive, sawdust waste

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Jurnal Sylva Lestari — 2025-05-28